Lens with asymmetric projection to treat astigmatism

ABSTRACT

A stimulus is configured to treat astigmatism with changes in retinal thickness, independently of, or in combination with, treatment for myopia. In some embodiments, a stimulus pattern is arranged with respect to an astigmatic axis of the eye to decrease ocular growth in relation to the astigmatic axis. In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to direct light to regions of retina outside the macula in relation to the astigmatic axis of the eye. In some embodiments, the intensity is modulated to provide the effect. A lens, such as a contact lens or spectacle lens may be configured with a plurality of light sources, such as projection units having a light source and focusing optics that work together to project anteriorly or posteriorly defocused images onto the retina at locations eccentric to the fovea.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/304,666, filed Jun. 24, 2021, which is a continuation ofInternational Application No. PCT/US2021/036097, filed Jun. 7, 2021,published as WO 2021/252318 A1 on Dec. 16, 2021, which claims thebenefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 63/036,170, filed Jun. 8, 2020, which are incorporated, in theirentirety, by this reference.

The subject matter of the present application is related toInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/043692, filed on Jul.26, 2019, published as WO 2020/028177 A1, and to U.S. Application No.62/925,948, filed Oct. 25, 2019, the entire disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The eye refracts light to focus images onto the retina of the eye toprovide vision. In some instances, however, the refraction of light maybe less than ideal, which can lead to refractive error of the eye. Therefractive error of the eye can be related to length of the eye andcurvature of the cornea. For example, eyes with a longer axial lengthtend to be myopic, e.g. near sighted, and eyes with a shorter axiallength tend to be hyperopic, e.g. far sighted. Eyes with irregularlyshaped corneas tend to have astigmatism.

Astigmatism is generally related to an imperfection in the curvature ofthe eye's cornea or lens. In eyes without astigmatism, the cornea andlens are often curved substantially equally in all directions. In eyeswith astigmatism, however, the cornea is often curved differently alongdifferent meridians of the cornea. An appropriately curved lens andcornea helps to focus light rays sharply onto the retina at the back ofthe eye.

When a cornea has an irregular shape, such that it is not curved equallyin all directions, e.g. a toric shape, a patient may have cornealastigmatism. Astigmatism can cause a patient's vision to be blurry ordistorted for both near and far objects.

Work in relation to the present disclosure suggests that the retina ofmany species, including human beings, responds to defocused images andgrows in order to decrease the blur caused by the defocus. The mechanismof the generation of the growth signal is still under study, but anobservable phenomena of the response of retinal tissue to the growthsignal is the change in thickness of the choroid. A defocused image cancause the choroidal thickness to change, which may be related to changesto the axial length of the eye and the location of the retina withrespect to the cornea and lens.

Astigmatism, myopia, and hyperopia are refractive errors of the eye thatcan be corrected with refractive lenses and surgery. However, at leastsome of these approaches can be less than ideal in at least somerespects. For example, some patients may be contact lens or spectacleintolerant and refractive surgery can present risks. Uncorrectedastigmatism can affect a person's ability to achieve and fullyparticipate in school, sports, and other activities. Although spectaclelenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery can be used to treatrefractive errors of the eye such as astigmatism, such devices must beworn in order to correct the errors, and surgery comes with risks, suchas infection and degraded vision. These prior approaches typically donot address the length of the globe, which can be related to retinaldisease, such as retinal detachment, as the patient grows older.

While the defocus of images can play a role in choroidal thickness andchanges in the axial length of the eye, the prior methods and apparatusare less than ideally suited to address astigmatism. For example,pharmaceutical treatments have been proposed to treat myopia associatedwith axial length growth, these treatments can have less than idealresults in at least some instances. Although light has been proposed asa stimulus to decrease changes in refractive error, the prior devicesmay be less than ideally suited to treat astigmatism with changes inretinal thickness in at least some instances.

Therefore, a new approach is needed to treat astigmatic refractive errorof the eye.

SUMMARY

The presently disclosed methods and apparatus are capable of treatingastigmatism with retinal stimulation. In some embodiments, a stimulus isconfigured to treat astigmatism with changes in retinal thickness,independently of, or in combination with, treatment for myopia. In someembodiments, a stimulus pattern is arranged with respect to anastigmatic axis of the eye to decrease ocular growth in relation to theastigmatic axis. In some embodiments, an apparatus is configured todirect light to regions of a retina outside the macula in relation tothe astigmatic axis of the eye. In some embodiments, the stimulusintensity is modulated to provide the effect. While the stimulus can beprovided in many ways, in some embodiments, a lens, such as a contactlens or spectacle lens is configured with a plurality of light sources,such as projection units having a light source and focusing optics thatwork together to project anteriorly or posteriorly defocused images ontothe retina at locations eccentric to the fovea. In some embodiments, thestimulus promotes choroidal growth, which, in children and young adults,can slow the growth of the sclera near the stimulated locations. In someembodiments, the differential growth rates cause the eye to grow in sucha way that ocular growth decreases the astigmatism of the patient.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All patents, applications, and publications referred to and identifiedherein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety and shallbe considered fully incorporated by reference even though referred toelsewhere in the application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding of the features, advantages and principles of thepresent disclosure will be obtained by reference to the followingdetailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 shows a soft contact lens, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 2 shows soft contact lens with embedded light sources, optics andelectronics for projecting images with defocus on the periphery of theretina of a wearer, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 3 shows mechanical integration of the function of the components ofa lens as in FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 4A shows an optical configuration in which the optical path lengthis increased by folding the optical path with two mirrors, in accordancewith some embodiments;

FIG. 4B shows a ray tracing simulation of the optical configurationshown in FIG. 4A, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 5A shows an optical configuration comprising a lens to focus lightonto the retina, in accordance with some embodiments

FIG. 5B shows a ray tracing simulation of the optical configurationshown in FIG. 5A, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 6A shows a light-pipe, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 6B shows a ray tracing simulation of the optical configurationshown in FIG. 6A, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 7A shows a spectacle lens based retinal stimulation devicecomprising a display and a housing to contain the electronics foroperating the near eye display, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 7B shows a spectacle lens based retinal stimulation device as inFIG. 10A, in which the eye has moved and different display elements havebeen activated in response to the eye movement, in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 8 shows a method of treating refractive errors of the eye, inaccordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 9A shows soft contact lens with embedded light sources, optics andelectronics for projecting images with defocus on the periphery of theretina of a wearer, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 9B shows soft contact lens with embedded light sources, optics andelectronics for projecting images with defocus on the periphery of theretina of a wearer, in accordance with some embodiments; and

FIG. 10 shows a spectacle lens, in which groups of pixels are orientatedsymmetrically about an axis to treat astigmatism, in accordance withsome embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description and provides a better understandingof the features and advantages of the inventions described in thepresent disclosure in accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein.Although the detailed description includes many specific embodiments,these are provided by way of example only and should not be construed aslimiting the scope of the inventions disclosed herein.

The presently disclosed methods and apparatus can be configured in manyways to provide retinal stimulation as described herein. The presentlydisclosed methods and apparatus are well suited for combination withmany prior devices such as, one or more of an ophthalmic device, a TVscreen, a computer screen, a handheld mobile computing device, a tabletcomputing device, a smart phone, a wearable device, a spectacle lensframe, a spectacle lens, a near eye display, a head-mounted display, agoggle, a contact lens, an implantable device, a corneal onlay, acorneal inlay, a corneal prosthesis, or an intraocular lens. Althoughspecific reference is made to spectacles and contact lenses, thepresently disclosed methods and apparatus are well suited for use withany of the aforementioned devices, and a person of ordinary skill in theart will readily appreciate how one or more of the presently disclosedcomponents can be interchanged among devices, based on the teachingsprovided herein.

Work in relation to the present disclosure suggests that changes tochoroidal thickness in response to stimulation can be localized toregions near the stimulated regions, which can provide a somewhatlocalized response in accordance with some embodiments. In someembodiments, the changes to one or more of the choroid or scleracomprise a differential change, in which the changes to the one or moreof the choroid or sclera are greater near the regions of stimulationthan at corresponding regions remote from the stimulation (e.g.corresponding locations at an axis 90 degrees from the region ofstimulation).

FIGS. 1 and 2 depict a lens such as a contact lens 10 configured toproject a defocused image on the retina away from the central field thatincludes the macula in order to stimulate a change in choroidalthickness. Although reference is made to a contact lens, the lens 10 maycomprise a lens of one or more of a projector, an ophthalmic equipment,a TV screen, a computer screen, a handheld device such as a smart phone,a wearable device such as a spectacle lens, a near eye display, ahead-mounted display, a goggle, a contact lens, a corneal onlay, acorneal inlay, a corneal prosthesis, or an intraocular lens.

In some embodiments, the contact lens 10 comprises a first astigmaticaxis 80 and a second astigmatic axis 81. The plurality of light sources,such as projection units 12, is arranged with respect to the astigmaticaxes to provide different amounts of stimulation to different regions ofthe peripheral retina. In some embodiments, the light sources such asprojection units 12 are located along the astigmatic axis, although thelight sources may be located at other locations. The light sources canbe configured to provide different amounts of stimulation to theperipheral retina in accordance with the refractive error of the eye. Insome embodiments, the light sources are configured to provide differentamounts of illumination along different axes in order to promotedifferent changes in choroidal and scleral tissue corresponding todifferent changes in axial length as described herein. The contact lensmay comprise a rotationally stabilized contact lens, and the lightsources can be located on the contact lens so as to correspond to theastigmatic axes of the eye when the lens is stabilized on the eye, forexample. The contact lens may comprise an optical zone configured tocorrect astigmatic refractive errors in accordance with the first axis80 and the second axis 81.

This contact lens 10 comprises a base or carrier contact lens comprisingembedded electronics and optics. The base soft contact lens 10 is madeof a biocompatible material such as a hydrogel or a silicone hydrogelpolymer designed to be comfortable for sustained wear. The contact lenscomprises a maximum overall distance across, e.g. a diameter 13. Thebiocompatible material can encapsulate the components of the softcontact lens 10. In some embodiments, the contact lens 10 has a centraloptical zone 14 designed to cover the pupil of a wearers under manyillumination conditions. In some embodiments, the optical zone comprisesa circular zone defined with a radius 15. In some embodiments, aplurality of projection units 12 is located a distance 17 from a centerof the optical zone. Each of the plurality of projection units 12comprises a distance across 19. In some embodiments, the distancesbetween the projection units are sized to place the projection unitsoutside the optical zone to stimulate a peripheral region of the retina,although the projection units can also be placed inside the optical zoneto stimulate the peripheral retina as described herein.

The optical zone 14 can be appropriately sized for the pupil of the eyeand the illumination conditions during treatment. In some embodiments,the optical zone comprises a diameter of 6 mm, for example when thecontact lens is configured for use during the day. The optical zone 14may have a of diameter within a range from 6 mm to 9 mm, for examplewithin a range from 7.0 mm to 8.0 mm. The central optical zone 14 isdesigned to provide emmetropic correction or other suitable correctionto the wearer, and may be provided with both spherical and astigmaticcorrection. The central optical zone 14 is circumscribed by an outerannular zone, such as a peripheral zone 16 of width in a range 2.5 mm to3.0 mm. The peripheral zone 16, sometimes referred to as the blend zoneis primarily designed to provide a good fit to the cornea, includinggood centration and minimum decentration. The outer annular zone issurrounded by an outermost edge zone 18 of width in the range from 0.5mm to 1.0 mm. The optical zone 14 is configured to provide refractivecorrection and can be spherical, toric or multifocal in design, forexample with a visual acuity of 20/20 or better. The outer annular zoneperipheral to the optical zone 14 is configured to fit the cornealcurvature and may comprise rotational stabilization zones fortranslational and rotational stability, while allowing movement of thecontact lens 10 on the eye following blinks. The edge zone 18 maycomprise a thickness within a range from 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm and may endin a wedge shape. The overall diameter 13 of the soft contact lens 10can be within a range from 12.5 mm to 15.0 mm, for example within arange from 13.5 mm to 14.8 mm.

The contact lens 10 includes a plurality of embedded projection units12. Each of the plurality of projection units 12 comprises a lightsource and one or more optics to focus light in front of the retina asdescribed herein. Each of the optics may comprise one or more of amirror, a plurality of mirrors, a lens, a plurality of lenses, adiffractive optic, a Fresnel lens, a light pipe or a wave guide. Thecontact lens 10 may comprise a battery 20 and a sensor 22. The contactlens 10 may comprise a flex printed circuit board (PCB) 24, and aprocessor can be mounted on the flex PCB 24. The processor can bemounted on the PCB 24 and coupled to the sensor 22 and the plurality oflight sources 30. The soft contact lens 10 may also comprise wirelesscommunication circuitry and one or more antennae 41 for electroniccommunication and for inductively charging the battery 20 of the contactlens 10. Although reference is made to a battery 20, the contact lens 10may comprise any suitable energy storage device.

The projection units 12 can be configured to provide defocused images tothe peripheral portion of the retina as described herein and may includelight sources and projection optics. In some embodiments, one or moreprojection optics are configured with the light sources to project adefocused image from the light sources onto the peripheral retina awayfrom the central visual field that includes the macula in order tostimulate a change in choroidal thickness, such as an increase ordecrease in cordial thickness. The one or more projection units 12 canbe configured to stimulate the retina without degrading central visionand corresponding images formed on one or more of the foveal or macularregions of the retina. In some embodiments, the one or more projectionoptics do not decrease the image forming characteristics of the visioncorrection optics prescribed to correct refractive errors of thewearers. This configuration can allow the wearer to have good visualacuity while receiving therapy from the defocused images as describedherein.

In some embodiments, the light from light sources of the projectionunits 12 are columnated and focused by one or more projection optics, asdescribed herein. The function of the light sources and the projectionoptics is to substantially collimate the light emitted by the lightsources and focus it at a focus that is designed to be in the front ofor behind the retina to provide appropriate defocus to stimulate achange in choroidal thickness. For myopic defocus, the focused imagesmay appear approximately 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm in front of the peripheralretina and myopic by about 2.0 D to 5.0 D, for example 2.0 D to 4.0 D,or preferably 2.5 D to 3.5 D, for example. For hyperopic defocus, hefocused images may appear approximately 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm behind of theperipheral retina, in order to be hyperopic by about −2.0 D to −5.0 D,for example −2.0 D to −4.0 D, or preferably −2.5 D to −3.5 D, forexample.

In accordance with some embodiments, a soft contact lens 10 comprisesprojection units which include projection optics and micro-displays asthe light source. The micro-displays may comprise an OLED (organic lightemitting diode) or an array of micro-LEDs. Light emitted by thesedisplays may be Lambertian. In some embodiments, the micro-display isoptically coupled to a micro-optical array that substantially collimatesand focuses the light emanating from the micro-display. Themicro-display may comprise one or more miniaturized pixels. In someembodiments, the micro-display forms an extended array of pixels,characterized by a pixel size and a pixel pitch, in which the pixel sizeand the pixel pitch together correspond to a fill factor of themicro-display. As described herein, each of the pixels may have a sizewithin a range from about 2 microns to about 100 microns, and the pixelpitch may range from 10 microns to 1.0 mm, for example. Thecorresponding fill factor can range from 0.1% to 10%. In someembodiments, the pixel array is optically coupled with a micro-opticarray in order to substantially collimate and focus light from thepixels.

The images created by these displays is defocused and may be placedsymmetrically in four quadrants of the field of view or of the eye (e.g.nasal-inferior, nasal-superior, temporal-inferior andtemporal-superior). The micro displays can be located away from theoptical center of the lens by a distance within a range from 1.5 mm to4.0 mm, preferably 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm. The central optic of the contactlens can be selected to bring the wearer to emmetropia, and may have adiameter within a range 3.0 to 5.0 mm. Each micro-display may becircular, rectangular or arcuate in shape and have an area within arange from 0.01 mm2 to 8.0 mm2, for example within a range from 0.04 mm2to 8.0 mm2, for example within a range from 1 mm2 to 8 mm2, orpreferably within a range from 1.0 mm2 to 4.0 mm2, in some embodiments.

The micro-display can be coupled to and supported with the body of thecorrection optic such as a contact lens, or a spectacle lens, anaugmented reality (“AR”) headset, or a virtual reality (“VR”) headsetfor example. In some embodiments, the micro-displays are coupled to andsupported with one or more of an intraocular lens, a corneal prosthesis,a corneal onlay, or a corneal inlay. The optical configurationsdescribed herein with reference to a contact lens can be similarly usedwith one or more of an intraocular lens, a corneal prosthesis, a cornealonlay, or a corneal inlay, for example.

In some embodiments, the micro-displays and the micro-optic arrays aremounted immediately adjacent to each other on the same correction optic,separated by a fixed distance in order to project a bundle of rays tothe pupil of the eye, at an orientation that it forms a defocused imageat a desired location on the retina as described herein. In someembodiments, the one or more projection optics are mounted on or in theone or more correction optics, such that rays from the projection opticsare refracted through the correction optics. The correction opticsrefract the rays from the projection optics to be convergent ordivergent as helpful for clear vision, so that the micro-optical arraycan provide the desired magnitude of additional power that may be plusor minus, depending on the magnitude and sign of the defocus desired.The micro-display may be monochromatic or polychromatic, for example.

In some embodiments, the projected defocused image can be provided by amicro-display comprising a screen comprising one or more of an LCDscreen, a screen driven by OLEDS (organic light emitting diodes),TOLEDS, AMOLEDS, PMOLEDS, or QLEDS. The screen may appear to the subjectat a far distance of east least 6 meters or more, for example.

FIG. 3 shows mechanical integration of the function of the components ofa retinal stimulation device, such as a contact lens 10 as in FIG. 2 .Although reference is made to mechanical integration with a contactlens, similar integration can be performed with any vision device asdescribed herein. These components can be supported with the PCB 24. Forexample, the power source such as a battery 20 can be mounted on the PCB24 and coupled to other components to provide a power source function21. The sensor 22 can be configured to provide an activation function23. The sensor 22 can be coupled to a processor mounted on the PCB 24 toprovide a control function 25 of the contact lens 10. The controlfunction 25 may comprise a light intensity setting 27 and a light switch29. The processor can be configured to detect signal from the sensor 22corresponding to an increase in intensity, a decrease in intensity, oran on/off signal from the sensor 22, for example with a coded sequenceof signals from the sensor 22. The processor is coupled to the lightprojection units 12 which can comprise a light source 30 and optics 32to provide the projection function 31. For example, the processor can becoupled to the plurality of light sources 30 to control each of thelight sources 30 in response to user input to the sensor 22.

The retinal stimulation device may comprise global positioning system(GPS) circuitry for determining the location of the wearer, and anaccelerometer to measure body movement such as head movement. Theretinal stimulation device may comprise a processor coupled to one ormore of the GPS or the accelerometer to receive and store measured data.The retinal stimulation device may comprise communication circuitry suchas wireless communication circuitry, e.g. Bluetooth or WiFi, or wiredcommunication circuitry, e.g. a USB, in order to transmit data from thedevice to a remote server, such as a cloud-based data storage system.This transmission of data to the remote server can allow the treatmentand compliance of the wearer to be monitored remotely. In someembodiments, the processor comprises a graphics processing unit (GPU).The GPU can be used to efficiently and rapidly process content from theweb in order to utilize this content in forming the stimulus asdescribed herein.

The methods and apparatus for retinal stimulation as described hereincan be configured in many ways and may comprise one or more attributesto encourage a user to receive therapy. For example, the retinalstimulation as described herein can be combined with a display of a gameto encourage a user to wear the treatment device. In some embodiments,the retinal stimulation can be combined with another stimulus, such asan emoji, e.g. a smiley face, to encourage a user to wear the device fortreatment. The components of the system may communicate with or receiveinformation from a game or other stimulus to facilitate the retinalstimulation with the game or stimulus.

Referring to FIG. 4A, In some embodiments, the optic configuration 32comprises a plurality of mirrors configured to collect light emitted bythe micro-displays 12, then direct the light beam to the pupil of theeye 11, in order to form an eccentric retinal image, as shown in FIG.4B. The mirrors may substantially collimate the light beam, or directthe light beam toward the retina 33 with a suitable vergence so as tofocus the light beam onto the retina 33.

Although the optic configurations shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B refer to alens, such as a contact lens, a similar optical configuration can beused with a lens of one or more of a projector, an ophthalmic equipment,a TV screen, a computer screen, a handheld device such as a smart phone,a wearable device such as a spectacle lens, a near eye display, ahead-mounted display, an AR display, a VR display, a goggle, a contactlens, a corneal onlay, a corneal inlay, a corneal prosthesis, or anintraocular lens. Also, although reference is made to a myopic defocus,the defocus may comprise a hyperopic defocus, or an image focused ontothe retina, or other defocus for the correction of refractive error asdescribed herein, for example.

The mirror assembly shown in FIG. 4A can be configured to achieve adepth of focus that is less than 1 D, enabling the applied defocus of2.0-4.0 D to be clearly perceived by the peripheral retina 33 at thespecified eccentricity (e.g. within a range from 20 degrees to 30degrees).

As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, another embodiment comprises optics 32comprising a converging or collimating lens in optical coupling withlight source 30. In this configuration a lens 34, which may comprise asingle lens, is used to substantially collimate the light output fromthe stimulation source and direct it to the cornea 37 through the lenssuch as contact lens 10. Although reference is made to a contact lens,the lens may comprise a lens of one or more of a projector, anophthalmic equipment, a TV screen, a computer screen, a handheld devicesuch as a smart phone, a wearable device such as a spectacle lens, anear eye display, a head-mounted display, a VR display, and AR display agoggle, a contact lens, a corneal onlay, a corneal inlay, a cornealprosthesis, or an intraocular lens.

The effectiveness of the collimating lens 34 depends on its refractiveindex and should be sufficiently high in order to create a substantialdifference in refractive indices between the lens material and thematerial of the contact lens 10 that functions as the substrate. In thisexample, the refractive index of the embedded lens 34 has been assumedto be 2.02 (e.g., refractive index of a lanthanum fluorosilicate glassLaSF5), although other materials may be used.

Another embodiment comprises a light-pipe 36, as shown in FIGS. 6A and6B. The light-pipe 36 can provide an increased optical path length todecrease image magnification and retinal image size in order to providehigher spatial frequencies to the image projected on the retina, inaccordance with some embodiments.

Although reference is made to a light pipe 36 on a cornea 37 as wouldoccur with a contact lens, the lens combined with the light pipe 36 maycomprise a lens of one or more of a projector, an ophthalmic equipment,a TV screen, a computer screen, a handheld device such as a smart phone,a wearable device such as a spectacle lens, a near eye display, ahead-mounted display, a VR display, an AR display, a goggle, a contactlens, a corneal onlay, a corneal inlay, a corneal prosthesis, or anintraocular lens.

Numerous other optical configurations may be used, including the use ofa micro-lens array with a point source, use of diffractive optics inorder to use a thinner lens, generation of multiple retinal images usinga single point source and an optical processing unit. In all case, thethree characteristics listed above may be used as metrics in order toevaluate the suitability of a particular design.

FIGS. 7A and 7B depict spectacles 70 for the treatment of refractiveerror of the eye, such as spherical and astigmatic refractive error.Although reference is made to spectacles, the light sources can beprovided on any vision device described herein to treat astigmatism. Insome embodiments, the spectacles comprise a first a first astigmaticaxis 80 and a second astigmatic axis 81. A plurality of light sources isarranged to treat astigmatism in accordance with the astigmatic axes ofthe eye. The plurality of light sources may comprise any suitable lightsource as described herein, such as a micro display or projection units,for example. In some embodiments, the light sources are configured toprovide different amounts of illumination along different axes in orderto promote different changes in choroidal and scleral tissuecorresponding to different changes in axial length as described herein.The lens may comprise an optical zone with optical properties, e.g.refractive properties, configured to correct astigmatic refractiveerrors in accordance with the first axis 80 and the second axis 81. Thisrefractive treatment of astigmatism can be combined with retinalstimulation as described herein.

The spectacles 70 may comprise one or more components of commerciallyavailable augmented reality glasses. The spectacle 70 may comprise oneor more displays 72 for retinal stimulation. The near eye displays 72may be mounted to lenses 74. The lenses 74 may be spectacle lensessupported by eyeglass frame 76. The lens 74 may be a corrective ornon-corrective lens. The lens 74 may be a plano lens, a sphericalcorrective lens, an astigmatic correction lens, or a prism correctionlens. In some embodiments, the near eye display is located away from anoptical zone to provide clear central vision. An optical axis may extendalong a line of sight from an object of the patient's regard, though thelens 74 to a fovea of the eye. In some embodiments, the spectacle 70comprises an eye tracker suitable for incorporation in accordance withthe present disclosure. The near eye display 72 can be programmed toselectively activate pixels 94, in order to provide peripheralstimulation to the retina, as described herein. In some embodiments, alayer of a plastic substrate bearing micro-lenses is attached to themicro-display in order to generate the desired level of defocus andstimulation at the retina. The selectively activatable pixels maycomprise a groups of pixels, which can be selectively activatedtogether, e.g. a first group of pixels 94 a, a second group of pixels94B, a third group of pixels 94C, and a fourth group of pixels 94D. Thegroups of pixels can be arranged to provide an appropriate eccentricitywith respect to a line of sight of the patient, so as to provideperipheral retinal stimulation as described herein.

In some embodiments a near eye display 72 comprises a combination of amicro-display and a micro-optic. In some embodiments, the micro-optic isconfigured to collect, substantially collimate and focus the light raysemanating from the micro-display. In some embodiments, the micro-opticis configured to form an image anterior to or posterior to the retina asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the distance of the near eyedisplay from the entrance pupil of the eye is within a range from about10 mm to about 30 mm, for example about 15 mm. The micro-display can beplaced on a transparent substrate, such as the front or back surface ofthe lens 74 of the spectacles 70. When the micro-display is placed onthe front surface of the lens 74, then the focus of the micro-displaysmay be affected by the cylindrical correction on the back surface of thelens 74.

In some embodiments, the focus of the pixels in a micro-display may varybased on their location on the lens 74 and the refractive correctionprovided by the lens in that area. In some embodiments, the focus of thepixels may be fixed. In some embodiments, the focus of the pixels mayvary based on the sensed position of the cornea to account for therefraction of the cornea and the lens of the eye. In some embodiments,the pixels are defocused to create a defocused spot on the retina about1 mm in diameter.

Light emitted by the pixels 94 in the micro-display of the near eyedisplay can be one or more of substantially collimated or focused beforebeing directed to the pupil of the eye. In some embodiments, amicro-lens array is aligned to the pixels of the near eye display, sothat rays from the near eye display can enter the pupil and form animage anterior to or posterior to the retina. In some embodiments, thewidth of the near eye display corresponds to a patient's field of view.In some embodiments, the extent of the near eye display may besubstantially similar to the extent of the lens 74 of the spectacles 70.

In some embodiments, the device provides unimpaired central vision sothat the quality of life and quality of vision of the wearers are notadversely affected. In some embodiments, central vision comprises of afield of view of +/−12.5 degrees, covering the macula, while fovealvision used for fixation has a field of view of +/−2.0 degrees. In someembodiments, the defocused image is projected at an outer portion of theretina toward the periphery of the retina, for example within a rangefrom 15 degrees to 40 degrees eccentric to the fovea and can be within arange from 20 degrees to 30 degrees. In some embodiments, themicro-display 72 does not obstruct the central vision field of view. Insome embodiments, the pixels 94 do not obstruct the central vision fieldof view.

In some embodiments, the micro-displays and optics are configured toproject light onto outer regions of the retina sufficiently far from thefovea, that the illumination remains substantially fixed even with eyemovement. In some embodiments, the point of regard is monitored and thedesired location of the pixels to be activated on the micro-display isdetermined, e.g. by a computations with a processor, such that an imageis projected at the desired location on the retina, allowing persistentstimulation at the same retinal location. In some embodiments, the pointof regard on the spectacle plane or the plane of the micro-display iscalculated by monitoring the horizontal, the vertical and torsionaldisplacement of the eye relative to the primary position.

The point of regard can be determined with a in many ways, for examplewith an eye position sensor such as a magnetic sensor or an opticalsensor. In some embodiments, a search coil embedded in the eyeglassframe is used to track eye movements. The coil embedded in the eyeglassframe can be coupled to a magnetic structure placed on the eye, such asone or more of a coil on a contact lens, a coil implanted in the eye, amagnetic material on a contact lens, or a magnetic material implanted inthe eye. In some embodiments, the sensor comprises an optical sensor,such as a position sensitive detector or an array sensor to measure aposition of the eye optically. The optical sensor can be configured tomeasure a position of the eye in many ways, for example configured tomeasure a position of one or more of a corneal reflex from a lightsource, a pupil, a limbus or a sclera. The eyeglass frame may support anadditional light source to illuminate the eye, for example to generate acorneal reflex. Data from the sensor can provide the location of thecoaxially lighted corneal light (“CSCLR”), and hence the direction ofthe visual axis and the location of the fovea. In some embodiments, theprocessor, using the eye position sensor, may be configured to adjustthe optics, such as the pixels in the micro display to reduce movementof the stimulated locations of the retina in response to eye movement.In some embodiments, target locations of the peripheral images arecomputed from the location of the fovea based on the information formthe eye position sensor and a real time ray tracing calculation providesthe locations of the pixels to be activated in the micro-display. Thetime to selectively switch to a second plurality of pixels in responseto the eye movement can be less than 100 milliseconds, for example lessthan 20 milliseconds.

In some embodiments, the location of the pixels in the micro-display tobe activated to form the outer image toward the periphery of the retinais referenced from the optical center of the eyeglass optics, since itis the point of regard at primary gaze. In some embodiments, thelocation of the point of regard is calculated by taking into account eyemovement relative to the position of the eye at primary gaze andcalculating the location of the pixels to be activated with reference tothe new point of regard. For example, FIG. 7A shows active pixels 94when a patient is looking level and straight ahead, so-called primarygaze, while FIG. 7B shows active pixels 94 when a patient is looking upand to the left. In such a case, the shape of the array of pixels may bethe same, but translated up and to the left, or the shape of the arraymay change. In some embodiments, the plurality of light sources, e.g.active pixels 94, are configured to change so as to maintain alignmentof the first astigmatic axis 80 and the second astigmatic axis 81 withrespect to the eye when these axes are translated, for example. Thistranslation and alignment can be provided with processor instructionsconfigured to selectively activate pixels in accordance with the eyemovement and the first astigmatic axis 80 and the second astigmatic axis81.

In some embodiments, the device is binocular and comprises amicro-display and optics for each eye of the wearer. The micro-displaycan be optically coupled with one or more micro-optical components,designed to substantially collimate the illumination generated by thepixels of the micro-display and rendered convergent, before entering thepupil.

In some embodiments, a display 72 is mounted on the outer side of aspectacle lens and aligned with the spectacle lens optic such that thenear eye display can provide a field of view of +/−40 degrees orgreater, so that the micro-display can continue to provide peripheralretinal stimulus for the normal range of eye movements, typically +/−15degrees laterally and +10 to −20 degrees vertically, including downgazewhen reading or viewing near objects. In some embodiments, light fromthe micro-display is transmitted through the spectacle lens optic andprovided with the refractive correction of the wearer.

In some embodiments, the optical system is configured to form the imagesanterior to the retina and comprises one or more of a single micro-lens(lenslet), a plurality of micro-lenses (lenslet array), a compound lens,such as a Gabor lens, a micro-prism, or a micro-mirror, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, light baffles and micro-mirrors arearranged to ensure that the amount of light not captured by themicro-optic is substantially decreased, e.g. minimized, in order toreduce stray light and light escaping from the front side of thedisplay.

In some embodiments, a pixel fill factor less than 10% (0.1) issufficiently sparse to provide a clear view of the foveal and macularimage. In some embodiments, the fill factor is in the range of 0.01 to0.3 and can be within a range from 0.05 to 0.20. For example, an arrayof pixels of pixel size 5 microns and a pixel pitch of 20 microns leadsto a fill factor of 0.06. A low fill factor may also reduce thecomplexity of the manufacturing process and reduces the cost of suchmicro-optic displays.

In some embodiments, the micro-optic array is designed to be opticallyaligned with the display, so that light from a single or a plurality ofpixels 94 can be collected, collimated and focused to be directed to thepupil of the wearer at primary gaze. The density of these micro-opticalelements can control the overall visibility of the near eye display. Insome embodiments, the micro-optic has a low fill factor (preferablyequal to or less than 0.1) so that the overall light transmissionthrough the near eye display will be acceptable to wearers and allow thepatient to view objects.

In some embodiments the device comprises a switchable micro-optic arraythat can be switched between a plano (no optical power) state and anactivated state by electro-optical components, utilizing for example aliquid crystal or a LC based material that can be switched from onerefractive index to another, or one polarization to another, forexample. In some embodiments, the micro-optic array does not scatterlight or distort images of the real world when it is not activated.

In some embodiments, the location of the pixels in the micro-display tobe activated to form the outer image toward the periphery of the retinais referenced from the optical center of the eyeglass optics, since itis the point of regard at primary gaze. In some embodiments, thelocation of the point of regard is calculated by taking into account eyemovement relative to the position of the eye at primary gaze andcalculating the location of the pixels to be activated with reference tothe new point of regard.

In some embodiments, a plurality of pixels is activated to form thelight source that is imaged by the micro-optics. The optical design ofthe micro-optics and its separation from the micro-display can beconfigured to provide the focal length of the image delivery system, theimage magnification of the image projected on the retina and the blurcaused by diffraction, as measured as the Airy disc diameter of theoptical delivery system.

Work in relation to the present disclosure suggests that the retinaperceives changes in image blur caused by higher order aberrationspresent in the defocused image (in addition to the spherical defocus),including longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA), higher orderspherical aberration, astigmatism, etc. that are sensitive to the signof the defocus. Based on the teachings provided herein a person ofordinary skill in the art can conduct experiments to determine whetherthe retina can recognize a myopic blur from a hyperopic blur when thedepth of focus of the device is greater than or nearly equal to themagnitude of defocus. The device as described herein can beappropriately configured to provide appropriate amounts of defocus atappropriate locations, for example.

The device can be configured to provide appropriate image magnification,diffraction that limits the image resolution and depth of focus inrelation to the magnitude of myopic defocus being applied and the rateof change of image blur or image sharpness gradient as a function of themagnitude of defocus.

In some embodiments, the near eye display is configured to provide aclear, substantially undistorted field of view of the foveal and macularimage for comfortable vision. In some embodiments, the field of view ofthe central image is at least +/−12 degrees and can be more in order toaccount for differences in interpupillary distance (IPD) of differentwearers. Image quality and field of view of the real image can beprovided with a substantially transparent near eye display transparent,and by reducing the fill factor of light emitting pixels in themicro-display. In some embodiments, a fill factor less than 10% (0.1) issufficiently sparse to provide a clear view of the foveal and macularimage. In some embodiments, the fill factor is in the range of 0.01 to0.3 and can be within a range from 0.05 to 0.20. For example, an arrayof pixels of pixel size 5 microns and a pixel pitch of 20 microns willlead to a fill factor of 0.06. A low fill factor may also reduce thecomplexity of the manufacturing process and reduces the cost of suchmicro-optic displays.

In some embodiments, the micro-optic array is designed to be opticallyaligned with the display, so that light from a single or a plurality ofpixels can be collected, collimated and focused to be directed to thepupil of the wearer at primary gaze. The population density of thesemicro-optical elements can control the overall visibility of the neareye display. In some embodiments, the micro-optic has a low fill factor(preferably equal to or less than 0.1) so that the overall lighttransmission through the near eye display will be acceptable to wearers.

In some embodiments the device comprises a switchable micro-optic arraythat can be switched between a plano (no optical power) state and anactivated state by electro-optical components, utilizing for example aliquid crystal or a LC based material that can be switched from onerefractive index to another, or one polarization to another, forexample. In some embodiments, the micro-optic array does not scatterlight or distort images of the real world when it is not activated.

The systems and apparatus discussed above may be used in the treatmentof astigmatism, independently of, or in combination with, treatment formyopia or hyperopia, for example. FIG. 8 shows a method 800 for treatingrefractive errors of patient's eye or eyes. At step 810, the refractiveerror of the patient's eye is determined.

The astigmatism of the eye can be determined in many ways. Suitableapproaches for determining the astigmatism of the eye include one ormore of manifest refraction with a phoropter, auto-refraction,retinoscopy, corneal topography, wavefront measurements, Scheimpflugimaging, optical coherence tomography, Hartmann Shack wavefrontaberrometry, and other approaches to measuring astigmatism as is knownto one of ordinary skill in the art.

If astigmatic error is found at step 810, then at step 820, theastigmatic error of the patient's eye is corrected. If spherical erroris found at step 810, then at step 830, the spherical errors of thepatient's eye is corrected. In some embodiments, the correction of theerrors at step 820 and step 830 may occur in parallel or in series. Forexample, in some embodiments, correction of astigmatic error in step 820may occur before the correction of spherical error in step 830. In someembodiments, the treatment may be reversed, wherein the correction ofspherical errors in step 830 may occur before the correction ofastigmatic errors in step 820. Still, in other embodiments, thetreatment of spherical errors at step 830 and the treatment ofastigmatic errors at step 820 may occur at the same time, for example,simultaneously, or in parallel.

In more detail, at step 810 a refractive assessment may be performed.The refractive assessment may be an automated assessment performed by anautorefractor or the assessment may be a manual assessment using aphoropter. In either case, the result of the assessment is adetermination of the refractive characteristic of the patient's eye. Thecharacteristics include the sphere correction for myopia or hyperopia,the cylinder correction for astigmatism and the orientation of the axisof the cylinder for correcting the astigmatism. In some embodiments, atstep 810, a refractive prescription or the results of a previouslyperformed refractive assessment may be received.

TABLE 1 Refractive Assessment Sphere Cylinder Axis (D) (D) (degrees)Right Eye (OD) −1 −2 90 Left Eye (OS) −1 −2 90

Table 1 shows the results of an example refractive assessment for apatient, in accordance with some embodiments. The assessment shows thatthe patient is 1 Diopter (“D”) myopic with a −2 Diopter of astigmatism.With cylindrical correction for astigmatism, a cylindrical lens is usedwith a zero-power axis extending along the axis of the cylinder, and theoptical power of the cylindrical lens is oriented 90 degrees to the axisof the cylinder. The axis of the cylinder is measured counterclockwisefrom the horizontal in both eyes, as is known to one of ordinary skillin the art of optometry or ophthalmology.

With the example axis of −2 D of correcting cylinder arranged with acylinder axis at 90 degrees, the optical power of the cylinder islocated along a meridian at 180 degrees, so as to correct a steepmeridian of the cornea oriented at 180 degrees. In the present example,the cornea is more steeply curved (a steeper meridian) along amesial-lateral direction and less steeply curved, or flatter, (a flattermeridian) along a superior-inferior direction.

Although reference is made to cylinder with minus “−” optical power, therefraction can be provided with plus cylindrical optical power as willbe apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. With the examplerefraction above, the refraction with positive cylinder notation will be−3 (Sphere)+2 (Cylinder)×180 (degrees).

Although reference is made to the use of refractive error, a cornealtopography system can be used to determine the corneal astigmatism ofthe eye and the corresponding steeper and flatter meridians of thecornea, in order to determine the astigmatic axes of the eye and toprovide the stimulation to the retina in relation to the astigmatic axesof the cornea of the eye.

Although reference is made to treatment in relation to an astigmaticaxis, the astigmatic axis may comprise a flatter axes or a steeper axis.In some embodiments, the astigmatic axis corresponds to a cylinder axiswith positive cylinder notation. Alternatively, the astigmatic axiscorresponds to a cylinder axis with negative cylinder notation. Also,the axis of the cylinder may correspond to the flat meridian of acylindrical lens, or a curved meridian of the cylindrical lens such as acurved meridian perpendicular to the flat meridian.

Once the refractive error of the patient is known, the process mayproceed to one or both of steps 820 and 830, and the orientation of oneor more stimuli with respect to the axes determined.

At step 820 the astigmatic errors may be corrected by stimulating achange in the choroidal thickness of the eye along the meridian. In theexample provided in Table 1, the patient's eye may be stimulated inrelation to the axis of the patient's astigmatism. In some embodiments,in order to correct the cylindrical refractive error, the light stimulusas described herein is provided on either side of the 90-degree axis tostimulate increased choroidal thickness of the retina of the eye, oneither side of, the 90-axis, as compared to the choroidal thickness ofthe retina of the eye at non-stimulated locations. A change in thechoroidal thickness of the eye may result in a decreased growth of thesclera in the stimulated locations as compared to the unstimulated orlesser stimulated locations. In some embodiments, the stimulus such asdefocused image is projected at an outer portion of the retina towardthe periphery of the retina, for example within a range from 15 degreesto 40 degrees eccentric to the fovea and can be within a range from 20degrees to 30 degrees eccentric to the fovea.

The increased thickness of the choroid and associated decrease inscleral growth can be provided by any suitable approach. In someembodiments, differential changes in choroidal thickness providedifferential changes in scleral length, which provide changes in theastigmatism of the eye. A change in the choroidal thickness of the eyemay result in a decreased growth of the sclera in the stimulated (orgreater stimulated) locations as compared to the unstimulated (or lesserstimulated locations), so as to provide different growth of the scleracorresponding to the different astigmatic meridians of the cornea.

The stimulus locations on the retina and associated changes to thechoroid and retina can be referenced with respect to the steeper andflatter meridians of the cornea. The locations of the eye correspondingto the steeper meridian may comprise locations of the eye correspondingto a plane defined by the steeper meridian of the cornea extending fromthe cornea and through the sclera and retina of the eye. The locationsof the eye corresponding to the flatter meridian of the cornea maycomprise locations of the eye corresponding to a plane defined by theflatter meridian of the cornea extending from the cornea and through thesclera and retina of the eye.

Without being bound by any particular theory, the differential changesin choroidal thickness and scleral length to treat astigmatism can beprovided by alternative mechanisms. In some embodiments, the stimulus isprovided at locations corresponding to the steeper meridian of thecornea, so as to decrease growth of the eye at locations correspondingto the steeper meridian and decrease astigmatism by decreasing growth ofthe sclera at locations corresponding to the steeper meridian (steepermeridian stimulation, “SMS”). In alternative embodiments, the stimulusis provided at locations corresponding to the flatter meridian of thecornea (flatter meridian stimulation, “FMS”), so as to decrease growthof the eye at locations corresponding to the flatter meridian anddecrease astigmatism by decreasing growth of the sclera at locationscorresponding to the flatter meridian. With the embodiments of the FMSapproach, the increased growth of the sclera along the steeper meridiandecreases tension to the cornea and relaxes the cornea along the steepermeridian so as to flatten the steeper meridian and decrease astigmatism.A person of ordinary skill in the art can conduct experiments todetermine which of these alternative approaches provides better resultswithout undue experimentation, for example by performing a clinicaltrial in accordance with the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the stimulus is configured to provide differentialchanges in axial length of the eye to decrease the astigmatism. In someSMS embodiments, in order to correct the cylindrical refractive error,the light stimulus is provided at locations eccentric to the foveacorresponding to the steep meridian of the cornea to stimulate increasedchoroidal thickness and decrease growth of the sclera at locationscorresponding to the steep meridian, as compared to the growth of thesclera at locations corresponding to the flatter meridian, so as toprovide differential changes in axial length of the eye to decrease theastigmatism. In some embodiments, the stimulus is configured to providedifferential changes in axial length of the eye to decrease theastigmatism. In some FMS embodiments, in order to correct thecylindrical refractive error, the light stimulus is provided atlocations eccentric to the fovea corresponding to the flatter meridianof the cornea to stimulate increased choroidal thickness and decreasegrowth of the sclera at locations corresponding to the flatter meridian,as compared to the growth of the sclera at locations corresponding tothe steeper meridian, so as to provide differential changes in axiallength of the eye to decrease the astigmatism with relaxation of thecornea, for example.

For astigmatism correction, the focus along the meridian of theastigmatism may vary by about between 1.5-2.5 mm behind of theperipheral retina (about 2.0 D to 5.0 D, for example 2.0 D to 4.0 D, orpreferably 2.5 D to 3.5 D, for example) to approximately 1.5-2.5 mm infront of the peripheral retina (about −2.0 D to −5.0 D, for example −2.0D to −4.0 D, or preferably −2.5 D to −3.5 D, for example). In someembodiments, the stimulation is a pair of 2.0-5.0 D myopically defocusedimages at the retinal periphery, along the astigmatic meridian, whilemaintaining central vision. In some embodiments, central visioncomprises of a field of view of +/−12.5 degrees, covering the macula,while foveal vision used for fixation has a field of view of +/−2.0degrees.

Although in the example discussed above, defocused images provided at adefocus corresponding to the patient's astigmatic refractive error, insome embodiments, the defocus may be greater than the patient'srefractive error. For example, a −3 Diopter defocused image may be usedto stimulate the retina of a patient with a −2 Diopter astigmatism.

Devices and systems disclosed herein may be used to provide the desiredstimulation. The devices are configured to provide one or more stimulion the retina that falls outside the fovea, e.g. outside the macula,along the astigmatic meridian. The stimulation can be configured topromote a change in one or more of the axial length or choroidalthickness of the eye. The stimulus may comprise a still image or a bedynamic, for example with a refresh rate, for example within a rangefrom 10 Hz to 200 Hz. The light may comprise monochromatic orpolychromatic light. The one or more images can be configured in manyways with an image structure corresponding to information or content ofthe image associated with spatial frequencies. In some embodiments, theone or more images comprises a spatial frequency within a range from 1cycle per degree to 180 cycles per degree, and a contrast within a range99.9% to 2.5%, for example. The projected image can be projected on tothe retina with an eccentricity in relation to the fovea, and theeccentricity can be within a range from 5 degrees to 40 degrees, forexample. The projected image may cover a portion of the retina along theastigmatic meridian within the specified range of eccentricity, forexample the projected image may be an annulus sector or arc over a minorarc length that is mirrored about a meridian 90-degrees to theastigmatic meridian. The arc length may be less than 90 degrees, lessthan 60 degrees, less than 45 degrees, less than 30 degrees, less than15 degrees, less than 10 degrees, less than 5 degrees. Alternatively orin combination, the arc length may be within a range from 1 degree to 45degrees, or within a range from 10 degrees to 35 degrees, for example.Although reference is made to an arc length, the stimulus can beconfigured in many ways.

In some embodiments, a single light source or group of light sources mayilluminate and thereby stimulate the retina with a spot or spots inrelation to the astigmatic meridian, for example along the astigmaticmeridian. For example, a single light source may provide a 2 Dioptermyopically defocused spot on either side of the steeper meridian, or onthe flatter meridian, depending on the desired change in astigmatism.The spots may be circular with a diameter as discussed herein. In someembodiments, the stimulation is provided by light emitted by amicro-display, as discussed herein. The retinal stimulation may beapplied using a light projection system or projection unit, as describedherein.

In some embodiments, a plurality of light sources such as pixels ofmicro-displays may illuminate and thereby stimulate the retina with animage or images corresponding to steeper meridian or the flattermeridian, as discussed herein. For example, a single micro-display mayprovide a 2 Diopter myopically defocused image on either side of theflatter meridian. Alternatively, a single micro-display may provide a 2Diopter myopically defocused image on either side of the steepermeridian. The images may be circular or may be of other shapes, asdiscussed herein. The retinal stimulation may be applied using a lightprojection system or projection unit.

The stimulation may be continuous or periodic or aperiodic. Whenperiodic, the stimulation may persist for a duration within a range 1sec to 24 hours. The stimulation may be applied when the subject isawake or asleep and combinations thereof.

Stimulation of the patient's eye to correct astigmatism may continueuntil the cylindrical error of the patient's eye is corrected. In theexample above, the astigmatic correction may be applied to reduce the −2Diopter astigmatism to 0.

In some embodiments, after the astigmatism of the patient's eye iscorrected, the process 800 may proceed to step 830 where sphericalrefractive error of the patient's eye is corrected. In the example shownin Table 1, the spherical refractive error of the patient's eyes is −1Diopter. To correct this spherical refractive error light from lightsources of the projection units are focused by one or more projectionoptics, as described herein.

At step 830 the spherical errors may be corrected by stimulating achange in the axial length of the eye eccentric to the fovea. In someembodiments, in order to correct the spherical refractive error, stimuliare provided through both of the meridians of the cornea to stimulategrowth of the choroidal thickness of the eye and a change in the axiallength of the eye corresponding to a change in spherical refractiveerror. In some embodiments, the stimulus such as a defocused image isprojected at an outer portion of the retina toward the periphery of theretina, for example within a range from 15 degrees to 40 degreeseccentric to the fovea and can be within a range from 20 degrees to 30degrees.

Devices and systems disclosed herein may be used to provide the desiredstimulation. The devices are configured to provide a stimulus on theretina eccentric to the fovea. The spherical stimulation can beconfigured to promote a change in the axial length or choroidalthickness of the eye. The stimulus may comprise a still stimulus or bedynamic, for example with a refresh rate as discussed herein. The lightof the image may comprise monochromatic or polychromatic light. The oneor more images can be configured in many ways with an image structurecorresponding to information or content of the image associated withspatial frequencies. In some embodiments, the one or more imagescomprises a spatial frequency within a range from 1 cycle per degree to180 cycles per degree or 1 cycle per degree to 60 cycles per degree, anda contrast within a range 99.9% to 2.5%, for example. The projectedimage can be projected on to the retina with an eccentricity in relationto the fovea, and the eccentricity can be within a range from 5 degreesto 40 degrees. The projected image may cover a portion of the retinawithin the specified range of eccentricity, for example the projectedimage may be an annular shape extending within a range from 5 degrees to40 degrees, from 15 degrees to 40 degrees, or from 20 degrees to 30degrees eccentric to the fovea.

Stimulation of the patient's eye to correct spherical refractive errormay continue until the cylindrical error of the patient's eye iscorrected. In the example above, the spherical correction may be appliedto reduce the −1 Diopter spherical refractive to approximately 0.

While the above process describes the actions of step 820 occurringbefore the actions of step 830, in some embodiments, the actions of step830 may occur before the actions of step 820. For example, the sphericalrefractive error of the eye may be corrected from −1 to about 0 beforethe astigmatic refractive error is corrected from −2 to about 0. In someembodiments, the actions of steps 820 and 830 may be interleaved. Forexample, a partial astigmatic correction from −2 to −1 may be performedaccording to step 820 followed by a partial spherical correction from −1to −0.5, followed by a second partial astigmatic correction from −1 to 0and then a second partial spherical correction from −0.5 to 0. Althoughthe partial corrections are described in four interleaved steps, anynumber of interleaved steps may be used to correct the refractive errorsof the patient.

In some embodiments, step 820 and step 830 may be combined and thespherical and astigmatic refractive errors of the eye may be correctedat the same time. For example, the eye may be stimulated about the steepmeridian along which the patient's astigmatism occurs at the same timethe eye is stimulated through the flatter meridian eccentric to andabout the fovea.

In some embodiments, the stimulation provided to the retina forsimultaneous correction of the spherical and astigmatic refractiveerrors may be different than that provided during separate correctionsteps while the intensity of the light or image is the same for bothregions. For example, in some embodiments of simultaneous correction therefractive correction may be additive to the spherical correction in theareas stimulated for astigmatic correction.

In some embodiments, spherical and astigmatic refractive errors may becorrected by varying the intensity of the light or image with keepingthe amount of defocus the same. For example, a stimulus such as an imagemay be provided to the retina at a −2 Diopter defocus eccentric to thefovea to stimulate growth of the choroidal thickness of the eye and achange in the axial length of the eye about in the peripheral areaaround the fovea. However, to treat the spherical errors and astigmaticerrors at the same time, the light may be provided at two or moreintensities or two or more different intervals. For example, theintensity of the stimulating light or the image for treating theastigmatic regions may be provided at a first intensity while theintensity of the stimulating light or images in the areas for treatingonly the spherical errors may be at a second intensity. The firstintensity may be greater than the second intensity to stimulate growthof the choroidal thickness of the eye and a change in the growth of thesclera along the steeper meridian of the astigmatism at a rate lowerthan the rate of growth of the sclera at locations way from thelocations corresponding to the flatter meridian.

In some embodiments, the duration of the stimulation may be varied. Forexample, stimulation may be applied on a daily or other time-basedbasis. In such embodiments, a patent with different amounts ofastigmatic and spherical refractive errors may have different time-basedstimulation to treat the errors. For example, a patient with a sphericaland cylindrical refractive error in an eye may have astigmaticstimulation for four hours a day and spherical stimulation for two hoursa day.

In some embodiments, the simultaneous treatment of the astigmatic andspherical refractive errors of the eye may vary in one or more ofintensity, defocus, and periodic stimulation. For example, the sphericalrefractive error correction may be a −1 Diopter defocused image or lightat a first intensity eccentric to the fovea in areas not stimulated bythe refractive stimulation while the astigmatic refractive errorcorrection may be −3 Diopters along the steeper meridian at a secondintensity. The first intensity may be great than or less than the secondintensity. The difference in the intensity may be varied based on theamount of defocus. For example, less defocus may be used in combinationwith greater intensity of light and more time-based periodic treatmentor more defocus may be used in combination with lesser intensity oflight and less time-based periodic treatment.

FIGS. 9A and 9B depict a contact lenses 10 configured to provide astimulus to treat astigmatism, such as a defocused image projected onthe retina at locations corresponding to a meridian of astigmatism of apatient and away from the central field of vision, e.g. away from themacula, in order to stimulate a change in choroidal thickness. Althoughreference is made to a contact lens, the lens 10 may comprise a lens ofone or more of a projector, a spectacle lens, an ophthalmic equipment, acontact lens, a corneal onlay, a corneal inlay, a corneal prosthesis, oran intraocular lens. For example, the lens may comprise a spectacle lenswith the light sources located in relation to the axis of astigmatism inorder to provide peripheral stimulation to treat astigmatism asdescribed herein.

The lens 10 can be configured in many ways, and may comprise one or morecomponents of the contact lens described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. The lens 10 comprises an axis 80. The contact lens 10 is configured toalign the axis 80 with align with an astigmatic axis of the eye, such asone or more of a refractive astigmatic axis or a meridian of the corneaas described herein. The optical zone of the contact lens may comprisean optical zone configured to correct spherical and cylindricalrefractive error, e.g. a toric optical zone, which is aligned with anastigmatic axis 80. The contact lens may comprise a second astigmaticaxis 81, which extends generally transverse to the first axis 80. Insome embodiments, the second astigmatic axis 81 is substantiallyperpendicular to the first astigmatic axis for example at an angle within a range from about 80 degrees to 100 degrees of the first astigmaticaxis. In SMS embodiments, the astigmatic axis 80 corresponds to theflatter meridian of the cornea and the axis 81 corresponds to thesteeper meridian of the cornea. The light sources such as projectionunits 12 a and 12 b are configured to provide a stimulus to the retinaat locations corresponding to the astigmatic axes of the eye. In someembodiments, the first light source and the second light source arelocated on opposite sides of an astigmatic axis or meridian to treat theastigmatism with retinal stimulation at locations corresponding to afirst astigmatic axis or meridian, and the light sources can beconfigured to provide decreased illumination at locations correspondingto a second meridian.

In some embodiments, stimulation of the eye to correct for astigmatismoccurs along the astigmatic meridian. A lens such as contact lens 10 maybe stabilized with respect to the eye, for example stabilized on theeye. For example, in some embodiments, the lens is stabilized on the eyeto orient the lens in an inferior-superior direction. In some SMSembodiments, the lens is stabilized such that the projection units 12are disposed (e.g. symmetrically disposed) on opposite sides of theflatter meridian of the cornea and located along the astigmatic or steepaxis corresponding to the steep meridian of the cornea. In alternativeembodiments (e.g. FMS embodiments), the lens is stabilized such that theprojection units 12 are disposed (e.g. symmetrically disposed) onopposite sides of the steeper meridian of the cornea and located alongthe astigmatic or flat axis corresponding to the flatter meridian of thecornea. In some embodiments, the axis 80 comprises an axis of symmetryabout which the projection units 12 a, 12 b are symmetrically located.While the projection units 12 a, 12 b can be sized and shaped in manyways, in some embodiments, the projection units comprise an arcuateshape profile corresponding to a segment of an annulus, so as to providean annular stimulus to the retina. In some embodiments, the light fromthe stimulus traverses an optical axis of the eye to illuminate anarcuate region of the retina on the opposite side of the eye.

In the example discussed in Table 1, the axis of a corrective cylinderis at 90 degrees, therefore, the contact lens 10 may be stabilized inthe eye such that the astigmatic axis 80 of the lens 10 substantiallyaligns with or is parallel to a prescribed cylinder axis, which may bethe flatter meridian of the cornea and the projection units projectimages to locations with respect to the astigmatic meridian of thecornea, such as along the astigmatic meridian, when the lens 10 isstabilized in an inferior-superior direction.

The contact lens 10 may include a ballast or weight that is asymmetricsuch that gravity acts on the ballast or weight to pull it down in adirection that stabilizes the contact lens and aligns the lens and itsprojection unites with the astigmatic meridian. In some embodiments, thecontact lens 10 may be shaped to be blink stabilized, such that thepatient's natural blinking acts on the shape of the contact lens tostabilize and orientate the lens in the patient's eye. In someembodiments, other stabilization methods may be used to align the lens10 and its astigmatic axis with the eye.

In some embodiments, the contact lens 10 may have projection units thatare asymmetrical with respect to the contact lens 10. In suchembodiments, the projection units on contact lens 10 may not have anaxis of symmetry but may still be aligned with the eye such that theprojection units 12 stimulate the eye at locations corresponding to anastigmatic meridian.

In the contact lens 10, one or more of the battery 20, PCB 24, thesensors 22 or other components of the contact lens 10 may act as aballast for stabilizing the contact lens and aligning the stimulationwith the astigmatic meridian of the eye. In the example of Table 1, theprescribed cylinder axis is 90 degrees, vertical with respect to thepatient's body. As shown in FIG. 9A, the battery 20, acting as aballast, is aligned with the axis of symmetry 80 of the contact lens toalign the axis of symmetry 80 with a horizontal, 180-degree astigmaticmeridian.

In some embodiments, the astigmatic cylinder correction axes may be atangles other than 90. For example, a patient may have an astigmaticcylinder correction axis 80 at 80 degrees and an axis 81 at 170 degrees.FIG. 9B shows a contact lens 10 with a ballast positioned offset fromthe axis of astigmatism 80 of the projection units 12, such the axis 80aligns with an 80 degree astigmatic cylinder correction axis. In someembodiments, the shapes of the contact lens that enable blink or othertypes of stabilization may be offset from the axis of symmetry of theprojection units such that the projection units are positioned along theastigmatic meridian when the contact lens 10 is stabilized in thepatent's eye. FIG. 9B also depicts micro-displays 12 in the shape ofannulus segments.

In accordance with some embodiments, a soft contact lens 10 comprisesprojection units as described herein.

The processor on the lens 10, may be programmed or otherwise configuredwith instructions to selectively illuminate the projection optics toproject light to a plurality of locations on the retina to treat one orboth of myopia and astigmatism. The selective illumination andaccompanying stimulation and treatment may be carried out as discussedwith respect to FIG. 8 and steps 820 and 830. For example, in thetreatment of astigmatism, a processor in a lens such as that depicted inFIGS. 9A and 9B, may be selectively controlled to illuminate and projectimages onto the retina. In some embodiments, such as the contact lensshown in FIG. 2 , a first group of optics, such as those arranged alongthe steep meridian of the cornea may be selectively illuminated to treatone or both of astigmatism and myopia at selected location of the retinaalong the steep meridian while a second group of optics, such as thosearranged along a flatter meridian of the cornea may be selectivelyilluminated to treat myopia at selected locations of the retina alongthe flatter meridian.

FIG. 10 depicts spectacles 70 as in FIGS. 7A and 7B configured for thetreatment of refractive astigmatism. The spectacles 70 comprise a firstastigmatic axis 80 and a second astigmatic axis 81 as described herein.The spectacles can be configured for steep meridian stimulation (SMS) orflat meridian stimulation (FMS) as described herein. The spectacles maybe programmed to provide stimuli to treat refractive error withselection of appropriate light sources under processor control, forexample.

The micro display and optics can be configured in many ways to provideappropriate stimulation to outer regions of the retina toward theperiphery. For example, FIG. 10 depicts four groups 94 a, 94 b, 94 c,and 94 d, of pixels 94. For a patient with refractive errors asdiscussed above with reference to Table 1, groups 94 a and 94 b mayprovide stimulation for the treatment of astigmatic errors.Alternatively or in combination, groups 94 a, 94 b, 94 c, and 94 d mayprovide stimulation for the treatment of spherical errors.

For example, in some embodiments, at step 820 in order to correct thecylindrical refractive error, light or an image is provided at a defocuson either side of the axis 80 by groups 94 a and 94 b to stimulategrowth of the choroidal thickness of the eye and provide differentialscleral growth of the eye as described herein.

In some embodiments, at step 830 in order to correct the sphericalrefractive error, a stimulus such as an image is provided to the retinaeccentric to the fovea by groups 94 a, 94 b, 94 c, and 94 d to stimulategrowth of the choroidal thickness of the eye and a decrease increases inthe axial length of the eye about in the peripheral area around thefovea, as described herein above.

The stimulation to correct the cylindrical error and the spherical errormay be provided separately or at the same time. For example, in someembodiments, in order to correct the cylindrical refractive error, astimulus such as an image is provided on either side of the axis 80 bygroups 94 a and 94 b to stimulate increases in the choroidal thicknessof the eye and provide differential scleral growth, such as differentialgrowth of sclera corresponding to the axial length of the eye. Asdescribed herein, the axis 80 may correspond to the steeper meridian ofthe cornea or the flatter meridian of the cornea. In some embodiments,groups 94 c and 94 d are activated less than groups 94 a and 94 b.

As discussed above with respect to FIGS. 8, 9A and 9B, the stimulationto correct astigmatic and spherical errors may be provided at differentintensities, amount of defocus and at different time-based periodictreatment.

The spectacles may include one or more processors that may be programmedor otherwise configured with instructions to selectively illuminate theprojection optics to project light to a plurality of location son theretina to treat one or both of myopia and astigmatism. The spectaclesmay comprise one or more components of the mechanical integrationfunction referred to in FIG. 3 . The selective illumination andaccompanying stimulation and treatment may be carried out as discussedwith respect to FIG. 8 and steps 820 and 830. For example, in thetreatment of astigmatism, a processor may selectively control groups ofone or more pixels to illuminate and project images onto the retina. Insome embodiments, the processor may control a first group of pixels,such as those arranged along the steep meridian of the cornea to beselectively illuminated to treat one or both of astigmatism and myopiaat selected location of the retina along the steep meridian while asecond group of one or more pixels, such as those arranged along aflatter meridian of the cornea may be selectively illuminated to treatmyopia at selected locations of the retina along the flatter meridian.

Although FIG. 10 depicts micro displays with more than one active pixelin each group 94 a, 94 b, 94 c, and 94 d, in some embodiments, eachgroup may include a single pixel. In some embodiments, for example, fortreatment of astigmatic refractive errors, only a single pixel or lightsource may be used for stimulation on each side of the flatter meridian,along the steeper meridian.

While the example in Table 1 includes an astigmatic refractive error at90 degrees, in some embodiments, the refractive errors may be at otherangles. FIG. 10 depicts an embodiment where a first astigmatic axis 80is at 80 degrees, and a second astigmatic axis is a 170 degrees. In someembodiments, the groups 94 a and 94 b of pixels 94 are orientatedsymmetrically about astigmatic axis 80 to project defocused imagestransverse to the axis to correct the astigmatism of a patient whilegroups 94 c and 94 d may also be rotated in order to provide a stimulussuch as defocused images to correct spherical errors of the eye.

In some embodiments, the intensity and duration of activated pixels areconfigured so as to correspond to an astigmatic axis of treatment. Forexample, each of the plurality of groups 94 a, 94 b, 94 c and 94 d maycomprises pixels with different intensities or durations to as tocompensate for different distances from astigmatic axis 80. In someembodiments, each of the plurality of groups comprises a first stimulushaving a first intensity and a first duration at a first distance fromthe astigmatic axis 80 and a second stimulus on a second side having asecond intensity and a second duration at a second distance from theastigmatic axis. In some embodiments, for each of the plurality ofgroups, 94 a, 94 b, 94 c, 94 d, one or more of the second intensity orthe second duration is different from one or more of the first intensityor the first direction to compensate for the first difference beingdifferent from the second distance. This has the advantage of improvingthe accuracy of treatment and allowing a decreased pixel resolution.

For example, the eye glass prescription may comprise a −2.00 D cylinderwith a prescription astigmatic axis with an angle of 75 degrees. Theoptical power of such a cylinder is located 90 degrees from theprescription axis, e.g. at 165 degrees. The stimuli can be located at180 degrees and 150 degrees, respectively, in order to treat at 165degrees, for example. If both of those stimuli provide equal values ofintensity and duration the vector would be on the minus 2 power meridianof 165 degrees, which corresponds to the prescription of −2.00×75degrees. Alternatively, one or more of the intensity or duration of thestimuli can be adjusted to provide treatment corresponding to differentaxes, e.g. 164 degrees. For example, a first stimulus closer to an axismay comprise one or more of an intensity or a duration that is less thanthe intensity or duration of a second stimulus that is farther from theaxis.

Although reference is made to projecting images onto the retina to treatastigmatism, the stimulus can be provided in many ways. For example, thestimulus can be provided with illumination sources that provide light tothe retina without projecting an image into the eye. In someembodiments, the stimulus comprises scattered light passed through ascattering medium. The light scattering medium can be located inrelation to the lens similar to the locations described herein withreference to the projection units. Alternatively, the stimulus maycomprise a pattern shown a display to provide a stimulus to treatastigmatism, for example an arcuate pattern on a display, similar to thearcuate projection units 12 a and 12 b as described herein.

The amounts and location of illumination on outer locations of theretina to provide astigmatism correction can be determined by one ofordinary skill in the art without undue experimentation in accordancewith the teachings disclosed herein.

As described herein, the computing devices and systems described and/orillustrated herein broadly represent any type or form of computingdevice or system capable of executing computer-readable instructions,such as those contained within the modules described herein. In theirmost basic configuration, these computing device(s) may each comprise atleast one memory device and at least one physical processor.

The term “memory” or “memory device,” as used herein, generallyrepresents any type or form of volatile or non-volatile storage deviceor medium capable of storing data and/or computer-readable instructions.In one example, a memory device may store, load, and/or maintain one ormore of the modules described herein. Examples of memory devicescomprise, without limitation, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read OnlyMemory (ROM), flash memory, Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), Solid-State Drives(SSDs), optical disk drives, caches, variations or combinations of oneor more of the same, or any other suitable storage memory.

In addition, the term “processor” or “physical processor,” as usedherein, generally refers to any type or form of hardware-implementedprocessing unit capable of interpreting and/or executingcomputer-readable instructions. In one example, a physical processor mayaccess and/or modify one or more modules stored in the above-describedmemory device. Examples of physical processors comprise, withoutlimitation, microprocessors, microcontrollers, Central Processing Units(CPUs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) that implement softcoreprocessors, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), portionsof one or more of the same, variations or combinations of one or more ofthe same, or any other suitable physical processor. The processor maycomprise a distributed processor system, e.g. running parallelprocessors, or a remote processor such as a server, and combinationsthereof.

Although illustrated as separate elements, the method steps describedand/or illustrated herein may represent portions of a singleapplication. In addition, in some embodiments one or more of these stepsmay represent or correspond to one or more software applications orprograms that, when executed by a computing device, may cause thecomputing device to perform one or more tasks, such as the method step.

In addition, one or more of the devices described herein may transformdata, physical devices, and/or representations of physical devices fromone form to another. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of themodules recited herein may transform a processor, volatile memory,non-volatile memory, and/or any other portion of a physical computingdevice from one form of computing device to another form of computingdevice by executing on the computing device, storing data on thecomputing device, and/or otherwise interacting with the computingdevice.

The term “computer-readable medium,” as used herein, generally refers toany form of device, carrier, or medium capable of storing or carryingcomputer-readable instructions. Examples of computer-readable mediacomprise, without limitation, transmission-type media, such as carrierwaves, and non-transitory-type media, such as magnetic-storage media(e.g., hard disk drives, tape drives, and floppy disks), optical-storagemedia (e.g., Compact Disks (CDs), Digital Video Disks (DVDs), andBLU-RAY disks), electronic-storage media (e.g., solid-state drives andflash media), and other distribution systems.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any process ormethod disclosed herein can be modified in many ways. The processparameters and sequence of the steps described and/or illustrated hereinare given by way of example only and can be varied as desired. Forexample, while the steps illustrated and/or described herein may beshown or discussed in a particular order, these steps do not necessarilyneed to be performed in the order illustrated or discussed.

The various exemplary methods described and/or illustrated herein mayalso omit one or more of the steps described or illustrated herein orcomprise additional steps in addition to those disclosed. Further, astep of any method as disclosed herein can be combined with any one ormore steps of any other method as disclosed herein.

The processor as described herein can be configured to perform one ormore steps of any method disclosed herein. Alternatively or incombination, the processor can be configured to combine one or moresteps of one or more methods as disclosed herein.

Unless otherwise noted, the terms “connected to” and “coupled to” (andtheir derivatives), as used in the specification and claims, are to beconstrued as permitting both direct and indirect (i.e., via otherelements or components) connection. In addition, the terms “a” or “an,”as used in the specification and claims, are to be construed as meaning“at least one of” Finally, for ease of use, the terms “including” and“having” (and their derivatives), as used in the specification andclaims, are interchangeable with and shall have the same meaning as theword “comprising.

The processor as disclosed herein can be configured with instructions toperform any one or more steps of any method as disclosed herein.

It will be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,”“third”, etc. may be used herein to describe various layers, elements,components, regions or sections without referring to any particularorder or sequence of events. These terms are merely used to distinguishone layer, element, component, region or section from another layer,element, component, region or section. A first layer, element,component, region or section as described herein could be referred to asa second layer, element, component, region or section without departingfrom the teachings of the present disclosure.

As used herein, the term “or” is used inclusively to refer items in thealternative and in combination.

As used herein, characters such as numerals refer to like elements.

The present disclosure includes the following numbered clauses.

Clause 1. An apparatus to treat an astigmatism of an eye with retinalstimulation of the eye, the apparatus comprising: a light sourceconfigured to provide a stimulus to a retina of the eye, wherein thestimulus is configured to be aligned with respect to an astigmatic axisof the eye to treat the astigmatism of the eye.

Clause 2. The apparatus of clause 1, wherein the stimulus comprises afirst light stimulus on a first side of the astigmatic axis and a secondlight stimulus on a second side of the astigmatic axis.

Clause 3. The apparatus of clause 2, wherein the first stimuluscomprises a first intensity and a first duration at a first distancefrom the astigmatic axis and the second stimulus on the second sidecomprises a second intensity and a second duration at a second distancefrom the astigmatic axis and wherein one or more of the second intensityor the second duration is different from one or more of the firstintensity or the first direction to compensate for the first differencebeing different from the second distance.

Clause 4. The apparatus of clause 2, wherein the eye comprises a secondastigmatic axis, and wherein the first light stimulus and the secondlight stimulus are arranged to illuminate the retina along the secondastigmatic axis to decrease astigmatism along the first axis.

Clause 5. The apparatus of clause 1, wherein the light source isconfigured to illuminate the retina with a first light stimulus on afirst side of the astigmatic axis and a second light stimulus on asecond side of the astigmatic axis.

Clause 6. The apparatus of clause 5, wherein the light source isconfigured to inhibit illumination of a macula with the first stimulusand the second stimulus.

Clause 7. The apparatus of clause 1, wherein the light source isarranged to provide light to a first region of peripheral retina outsidea macula and a second region of peripheral retina outside the macula,the second region opposite the first region with the macula of theretina located between the first region and the second region.

Clause 8. The apparatus of clause 7, wherein the retina comprises athird region between the first region and the second region on a firstside of the macula and a fourth region between the first region and thesecond region on a second side of the macula and wherein the lightsource is configured to provide greater amounts of light to the firstregion and the second region than to the third region and the fourthregion.

Clause 9. The apparatus of clause 8, wherein each of the four regionscomprises a quadrant of the retina, the first region corresponding to afirst quadrant, the second region corresponding to a second quadrant,the third region corresponding to a third quadrant, the fourth regioncorresponding to a fourth quadrant.

Clause 10. The apparatus of clause 1, further comprising: a lenscomprising an optical zone for the eye to view an object; and aplurality of optics arranged around the optical zone to project aplurality of images anterior to the retina of the eye at a plurality oflocations outside one or more of a fovea or a macula of the eye, theplurality of optics arranged with respect to an astigmatic meridian ofthe eye.

Clause 11. The apparatus of clause 10, further comprising a processorcoupled to the plurality of optics, the processor configured withinstructions to project light to the plurality of locations.

Clause 12. The apparatus of clause 11, wherein the plurality of opticsis arranged to treat astigmatism with a first plurality of optics and totreat myopia and astigmatism with a second plurality of optics and thefirst plurality of optics and wherein the processor is configured withinstructions to illuminate the first plurality of optics to treat theastigmatism and to illuminate the first plurality of optics and secondplurality of optics to treat the myopia.

Clause 13. The apparatus of clause 12, wherein the first plurality ofoptics is configured to deliver an amount of light to treat theastigmatism corresponding to a steep meridian of a cornea and whereinthe second plurality of optics is configured to treat myopiacorresponding to a flatter meridian of the cornea located 90 degreesfrom the steep meridian of the cornea.

Clause 14. The apparatus of clause 13, wherein the first plurality ofoptics is configured to pass through a steeper region of the cornea thanthe second plurality of optics.

Clause 15. The apparatus of clause 13, wherein the first plurality ofoptics is configured to pass through a flatter region of the cornea thanthe second plurality of optics.

Clause 16. The apparatus of clause 14, wherein each the first pluralityof optics and the second plurality of optics is configured to transmitlight across an optical axis of the lens to project an image anterior tothe retina on an opposite side of the optical axis.

Clause 17. The apparatus of clause 12, wherein the processor isconfigured to treat the myopia and astigmatism sequentially.

Clause 18. The apparatus of clause 12, wherein the processor isconfigured with instructions to selectively illuminate each of the firstplurality of optics and the second plurality of optics.

Clause 19. The apparatus of clause 12, wherein the processor isprogrammable with instructions to selectively illuminate the secondplurality of optics in relation to an astigmatic meridian on the eye andwherein the lens is stabilized when placed in front of the eye.

Clause 20. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein the astigmatic meridiancorresponds to a meridian of a cornea having a curvature steeper than acurvature of a flatter meridian of the cornea, and wherein the pluralityof optics is configured to decrease scleral growth at locations of thesclera corresponding to the steeper meridians to decrease theastigmatism of the eye.

Clause 21. The apparatus of clause 20, wherein a steep meridian of thecornea corresponds to a line along the retina and wherein the lineextends through the plurality of locations.

Clause 22. The apparatus of clause 21, wherein the plurality of opticsis configured to decrease growth of the sclera at locationscorresponding to the steep meridian in relation to growth of the scleraat locations away from the locations corresponding to the steepmeridian.

Clause 23. The apparatus of clause 20, wherein the flatter meridian ofthe cornea corresponds to a line along the retina and wherein the lineextends through the plurality of locations.

Clause 24. The apparatus of clause 23, wherein the plurality of opticsis configured to decrease growth of the sclera at locationscorresponding to the flatter meridian in relation to growth of thesclera at locations away from the locations corresponding to the flattermeridian.

Clause 25. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein the astigmatic meridiancorresponds to a meridian of a cornea having a curvature steeper than acurvature of a flatter meridian of the cornea, and wherein the pluralityof optics is configured to decrease scleral growth at locations of thesclera corresponding to the flatter meridians to decrease theastigmatism of the eye.

Clause 26. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein the plurality of opticsis configured to promote a change in one or more of an axial length or achoroidal thickness of the eye to treat the astigmatism.

Clause 27. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein the plurality of opticsis configured to transmit light across an optical axis of the lens toproject an image anterior to the retina on an opposite side of theoptical axis.

Clause 28. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein the astigmatic meridianof the eye comprises a steep meridian of a cornea of the eye and whereinthe plurality of locations of the retina corresponds to the steepmeridian.

Clause 29. The apparatus of clause 28, wherein an optical axis of thelens extends from the object through the optical zone to a fovea of theeye and wherein light from the plurality of optics traverses the opticalaxis and extends to the plurality of locations.

Clause 30. The apparatus of clause 29, wherein light from each of theplurality of optics extends to a corresponding location on the retinaand traverses the optical axis.

Clause 31. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein the lens comprisesstabilization to orient the lens in an inferior superior direction alongthe eye, and wherein the plurality of optics is arranged to direct thelight with respect to the astigmatic meridian with the lens stabilizedon the eye in the inferior superior direction.

Clause 32. The apparatus of clause 31, wherein the lens comprises acontact lens and wherein the contact lens comprises contact lensstabilization.

Clause 33. The apparatus of clause 31, wherein the lens comprises aspectacle lens and wherein the spectacle lens is supported with aneyeglass frame.

Clause 34. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein each of the plurality ofoptics is configured to project an image at a location anterior orposterior to a corresponding retinal location to treat the astigmatism.

Clause 35. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein each of the plurality ofoptics is configured to project an image anterior to the retina at acorresponding retinal location.

Clause 36. The apparatus of clause 35, wherein the lens comprises aspectacle lens and wherein the plurality of optics has been adjusted toreduce an effect of astigmatism on a location of image formationanterior to the retina.

Clause 37. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein the lens comprises aspectacle lens and wherein an eye position sensor is configured toadjust the plurality of optics reduce movement of the plurality oflocations on the retina in response to eye movement.

Clause 38. The apparatus of clause 10, wherein the lens comprises one ormore of a plano lens, a spherical correction lens, an astigmaticcorrection lens, or prism correction lens.

Clause 39. A method of treating an eye, the method comprising: providinga stimulus to a retina of the eye, wherein the stimulus is aligned withrespect to an astigmatic axis of the eye to treat an astigmatism of theeye.

Clause 40. The method of clause 39, wherein the stimulus comprises afirst light stimulus on a first side of the astigmatic axis and a secondlight stimulus on a second side of the astigmatic axis.

Clause 41. The method of clause 40, wherein the first stimulus comprisesa first intensity and a first duration at a first distance from theastigmatic axis and the second stimulus on the second side comprises asecond intensity and a second duration at a second distance from theastigmatic axis and wherein one or more of the second intensity or thesecond duration is different from one or more of the first intensity orthe first direction to compensate for the first difference beingdifferent from the second distance.

Clause 42. The method of clause 40, wherein the eye comprises a secondastigmatic axis, and wherein the first light stimulus and the secondlight stimulus are arranged along the second astigmatic axis to decreaseastigmatism along the first axis.

Clause 43. The method of clause 39, wherein the stimulus is configuredto inhibit illumination of a macula with the first stimulus and thesecond stimulus.

Clause 44. The method of clause 39, wherein the stimulus is arranged toprovide light to a first region of peripheral retina outside a maculaand a second region of peripheral retina outside the macula, the secondregion opposite the first region with the macula of the retina locatedbetween the first region and the second region.

Clause 45. The method of clause 44, wherein the retina comprises a thirdregion between the first region and the second region on a first side ofthe macula and a fourth region between the first region and the secondregion on a second side of the macula and wherein the stimulus providesgreater amounts of light to the first region and the second region thanto the third region and the fourth region.

Clause 46. The method of clause 45, wherein each of the four regionscomprises a quadrant of the retina, the first region corresponding to afirst quadrant, the second region corresponding to a second quadrant,the third region corresponding to a third quadrant, the fourth regioncorresponding to a fourth quadrant.

Clause 47. The method or apparatus of any one of the preceding clauseswherein the astigmatic axis corresponds to a cylinder axis with pluscylinder notation.

Clause 48. The method or apparatus of any one of the preceding clauseswherein the astigmatic axis corresponds to a cylinder axis with minuscylinder notation.

Embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described asset forth herein and are provided by way of example only. One ofordinary skill in the art will recognize numerous adaptations, changes,variations and substitutions without departing from the scope of thepresent disclosure. Several alternatives and combinations of theembodiments disclosed herein may be utilized without departing from thescope of the present disclosure and the inventions disclosed herein.Therefore, the scope of the presently disclosed inventions shall bedefined solely by the scope of the appended claims and the equivalentsthereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating an astigmatism of an eyewith retinal stimulation of the eye, the method comprising: providing astimulus to a retina of the eye, wherein the stimulus is aligned withrespect to an astigmatic axis of the eye to treat the astigmatism of theeye.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulus comprises a firstlight stimulus on a first side of the astigmatic axis and a second lightstimulus on a second side of the astigmatic axis.
 3. The method of claim2, wherein the first stimulus comprises a first intensity and a firstduration at a first distance from the astigmatic axis and the secondstimulus on the second side comprises a second intensity and a secondduration at a second distance from the astigmatic axis and wherein oneor more of the second intensity or the second duration is different fromone or more of the first intensity or the first direction to compensatefor the first difference being different from the second distance. 4.The method of claim 2, wherein the eye comprises a second astigmaticaxis, and wherein the first light stimulus and the second light stimulusare arranged along the second astigmatic axis to decrease astigmatismalong the first axis.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulus isconfigured to inhibit illumination of a macula with the first stimulusand the second stimulus.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulusis arranged to provide light to a first region of peripheral retinaoutside a macula and a second region of peripheral retina outside themacula, the second region opposite the first region with the macula ofthe retina located between the first region and the second region. 7.The method of claim 6, wherein the retina comprises a third regionbetween the first region and the second region on a first side of themacula and a fourth region between the first region and the secondregion on a second side of the macula and wherein the stimulus providesgreater amounts of light to the first region and the second region thanto the third region and the fourth region.
 8. The method of claim 7,wherein each of the four regions comprises a quadrant of the retina, thefirst region corresponding to a first quadrant, the second regioncorresponding to a second quadrant, the third region corresponding to athird quadrant, the fourth region corresponding to a fourth quadrant. 9.The method of claim 1, wherein the astigmatic axis corresponds to acylinder axis with plus cylinder notation.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein the astigmatic axis corresponds to a cylinder axis with minuscylinder notation.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimuluscomprises a light source aligned with respect to the astigmatic axis ofthe eye to treat the astigmatism.